Astronomical observatories.

AMÉRICA:

1. Aker Observatory (USA) 1995.
2. Rothney Astrophysical Observatory (CANADA) 1984.
3. Pico Dos Dias Observatory (BRAZIL) 1981.
4. Observatorio Solar Sagan (MEXICO) 2000.
5. Observatory Onan (USA) 1990.
6. La Silla (CHILE) 1969.

EUROPE:

1. Roque de los muchachos (LA PALMA).
2. Consell Observatory (SPAIN) 1987.
3. Goodle Observatory (ENGLAND) 1902.
4. Urania (AUSTRALIA) 1909.

ASIA:

1. Yunan Astronomical Observatory (CHINA) 1957.
2. Shangai Astronomical Observatory (CHINA) 1962.
3. Kyun Hee Observatory (SOUTH KOREA) 1992.
4. Kamioka Observatory (JAPAN) 1983.
5. Astronomical Observatory of Japan 1988.

OCEANIC:

1. Green Point Observatory (AUSTRALIA) 1961.
2. Stardome Observatory (NEW ZEALAND) 1967.

The x-ray telescope.

An x-ray telescope is a telexcope that is designed to observe remote objects in the x-ray spectrum.
The most modern x-ray telescopes depend on:
- Lenses made of germanuim.
- The prime focus design, with mirrors made of iron.
- Grazing incidence optics.
- Achromatic lenses to keep the x-rays in focus.
- The cassegrain design, with mirrors made of lead.
The most modern x-ray telescopes are:

• The exosat, it was launched from 1983 to 1986, almost perpendicular to the moon.
• The Hard x-ray telescope, is observed from China, it's planned for launch between 2014 and 2016.
• Granat, it was launched in 1989 an  placed in higly eccentric four-day orbit.
• The focusing x-ray telescope was flown on the space shuttle Columbia.

ASTRONOMY VS ASTROLOGY.

Astrology and astronomy were archaically one and the same discipline, and were only gradually recognized as separate in Western 17th century philosophy (the "Age of Reason").
Since the 18th century they have come to be regarded as completely separate disciplines. Astronomy, the study of objects and phenomena originating beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is a science and is a widely-studied academic discipline. Astrology, which uses the apparent positions of celestial objects as the basis for psychology, prediction of future events, and other esoteric knowledge, is not a science and is typically defined as a form of divination.

Salto desde la estratosfera.

Un deportista austríaco de 43 años, Felix Baumgartner, conocido por ser el primero en cruzar el Canal de la Mancha en caída libre y por sus saltos desde monumentos tan conocidos como el Cristo Redentor de Brasil, ha resistido las pruebas previas, con simulaciones a gran altitud.

Baumgartner tratará de batir cuatro récords al mismo tiempo establecidos hace medio siglo: el vuelo en globo tripulado más alto, el salto desde la mayor altitud, ser la primera persona en romper la barrera del sonido en caída libre y la caída libre de mayor duración (5 minutos y 30 segundos).

Un salto no exento de riesgos para Baumgartner, quien saltará desde un globo que le llevará hasta la estratosfera. De hecho, en el salto de prueba efectuado el pasado mes de julio desde una altura de 29.610 metros generó desperfectos en la cápsula que le elevó hasta allí.

Algunos de los riesgos fueron:

- Colisionar con las ondas de choque provocadas al superar la barrera del sonido. El choque supondría un golpe parecido al de una explosión.
- La baja presión. Puede causar problemas cerebrales, oculares y cardiovasculares.
- La exposición al vacío. Incluso durante poco tiempo puede provocar que la sangre hierva.
- Súbita descompresión. Puede causar problemas pulmonares y arteriales, así como obstrucciones auditivas, mareos y dolores gastrointestinales.
- Frías temperaturas. Pueden ser un problema tanto para Baumgartner como para su equipo. También el calor excesivo del sol puede ser un riesgo, ya que la radiación ultravioleta es 100.000 veces más fuerte de lo habitual para un ser humano a 36.000 metros.
- Viento. Una racha fuerte de viento puede generarle mareos y romper su globo.
- Problemas técnicos. La mayor preocupación para Baumgartner y su equipo es que el traje se raje o que el paracaídas se despliegue de forma accidental.

How the universe is organized.

The answer to this question is quite difficult, and astrophysicists are trying to figure it out as we write, but so far it seems to us that nothing in the universe remains static and we have yet to find the prime building block of matter.

However, humans categorize many things to try to keep track of, or make sense out of the natural world. The universe is no exception and there are thousands of names/titles to various entities.

A very basic list follows:
Asteroids
Comets
Moons
Planets
Stars
Solar systems
Galaxies.

PSEUDOSCIENCE.

Pseudoscience is like a FAKE science, we call it a 'fringe' because it's like a mask, it thinks it's like REAL SCIENCE but it's not.
Pseudoscience is a claim which is presented as scientific but does NOT adhere to valid scientific methods, there is no backing. Where as Science has an empirical evidence that controles experiments.

Pseudoscience:

• Lack of carefully controled experiments.
• Faulty observations and theories.
• Faulty reasoning.
• Open defiance of scientific concensus.

Science:

• Adheres to valid scientific methods.
• Supporting evidence.

What Pseudoscience is NOT:

1. Informed speculation.

- Attempting to estimate the no of habitable planets and possibilities of life in the universe. But there is real data.

- The absence of data makes it a pseudoscience.

   2.  Polywater involved the claim that some chemists in the 1960's had created a long chain of water molecules. Observation failed due to contamination and impurities (MISTAKE).

Why is science important?

• It's important because it lets us know the way science is.
• It lets us know how nature is.
• It's important to know how to survive.
• It's important because it warns us about natural disasters.
• It explains the life style.
• It's important to know about our ancient times.
• It's important to be ecologycal / to have an ecologycal life.
• Fighting against irrational thinking.

List of Nobel Prizes in economy.

• Ragnar Frisch (1895-1973): he was a norwaigean economist who studied economy and mathematics in the University os Oslo and won the Nobel Prize for economy in 1969.

• Robert Mundell (1915-2009): he was the first american economist to win the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. He studied in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (macroeconomics).

• John Nash (1985): he's an american mathematician who studied mathematics and economy and won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994. He studied in Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

• Leonid Kantorovich (1912-1986): he was a soviet mathematician and economist who studied in Leningrad State University and won the Nobel Prize of economics in 1975.

• Thomas Sargent (1943): he's an american economist specializing macroeconomics who studied in the New York University and won the Nobel Prize in economics in 2011.

Scientific method steps.

    1. Make observations:

You may think the hypothesis is the start of the scientific method, but you will have made some observations first, even if they were informal.

 

    2. Propose a Hypothesis:

It's easist to test the null or no-difference hypothesis because you can prove it to be wrong. It's practically impossible to prove a hypothesis is correct.

   3. Design an Experiment to Test the Hypothesis.

   4. Test the Hypothesis.

   5. Revise the Hypothesis.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

The Scientific Method is a logical and rational order of steps by which scientists come to conclusions about the world around them. The Scientific Method helps to organize thoughts and procedures so that scientists can be confident in the answers they find. Scientists use observations, hypotheses and deductions to make these conclusions.

Interés por la ciencia.

¿Cuáles son los factores responsables por la falta de interés por la ciencia?

• La sociedad está menos contaminada.
• La gente se preocupa más por la crisis económica.
• No sale rentable interesarse por los avances científicos.
• Escasa distribución de gestión de la información.

What are the facts responsable for the lack of interest in science?

• There isn't enough information about science.
• Not a lot of people are interested in science because of high level accomodation.
• Lack of distribution of information.

¿Qué podríamos hacer para que la gente se interesara más por la ciencia?

• Más media para informar especialmente a los jóvenes.
• No coger dinero de la educación.
• Crear una semana de ciencia en los colegios.

What could we do to make people more interested in science?

• More media to inform especially young people.
• To not take money from education.
• Create a science week in high schools.

Companies selling faulty products.

MERCADONA. According to the speakers Mercadona has renewed eleven cosmetics that have been recalled because they contained carcinogenic substances that induce tumors.

Comparing a horoscope in two different web pages.

(SCORPIO)

 1. It's ok to have an opinion of what you like and deslike, but do not despice the rest. You tend to despise everything that is not to your taste and that could hurt people sometimes. Your pleasure is yours, don't try to impose it on others and above all, don't think of yourself as more than everyone else.
 ELPAÍS.COM

 2. You are facing a problem that seems bigger than anything you've been through before. That doesn't mean it's time to give up - you just have yo make sure thatb you're ready to move quickly.

 ASTROLOGY.COM

INTRODUCCIÓN.

Bienvenidos a mi blog bilingüe de Ciencias del Mundo Contemporáneo!

¿Qué es la ciencia?

La ciencia es un esfuerzo humano por comprender la historia del mundo natural a través de los experimentos que simulan los procesos naturales de forma controlada.