The x-ray telescope.

An x-ray telescope is a telexcope that is designed to observe remote objects in the x-ray spectrum.
The most modern x-ray telescopes depend on:
- Lenses made of germanuim.
- The prime focus design, with mirrors made of iron.
- Grazing incidence optics.
- Achromatic lenses to keep the x-rays in focus.
- The cassegrain design, with mirrors made of lead.
The most modern x-ray telescopes are:

• The exosat, it was launched from 1983 to 1986, almost perpendicular to the moon.
• The Hard x-ray telescope, is observed from China, it's planned for launch between 2014 and 2016.
• Granat, it was launched in 1989 an  placed in higly eccentric four-day orbit.
• The focusing x-ray telescope was flown on the space shuttle Columbia.

ASTRONOMY VS ASTROLOGY.

Astrology and astronomy were archaically one and the same discipline, and were only gradually recognized as separate in Western 17th century philosophy (the "Age of Reason").
Since the 18th century they have come to be regarded as completely separate disciplines. Astronomy, the study of objects and phenomena originating beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is a science and is a widely-studied academic discipline. Astrology, which uses the apparent positions of celestial objects as the basis for psychology, prediction of future events, and other esoteric knowledge, is not a science and is typically defined as a form of divination.

Salto desde la estratosfera.

Un deportista austríaco de 43 años, Felix Baumgartner, conocido por ser el primero en cruzar el Canal de la Mancha en caída libre y por sus saltos desde monumentos tan conocidos como el Cristo Redentor de Brasil, ha resistido las pruebas previas, con simulaciones a gran altitud.

Baumgartner tratará de batir cuatro récords al mismo tiempo establecidos hace medio siglo: el vuelo en globo tripulado más alto, el salto desde la mayor altitud, ser la primera persona en romper la barrera del sonido en caída libre y la caída libre de mayor duración (5 minutos y 30 segundos).

Un salto no exento de riesgos para Baumgartner, quien saltará desde un globo que le llevará hasta la estratosfera. De hecho, en el salto de prueba efectuado el pasado mes de julio desde una altura de 29.610 metros generó desperfectos en la cápsula que le elevó hasta allí.

Algunos de los riesgos fueron:

- Colisionar con las ondas de choque provocadas al superar la barrera del sonido. El choque supondría un golpe parecido al de una explosión.
- La baja presión. Puede causar problemas cerebrales, oculares y cardiovasculares.
- La exposición al vacío. Incluso durante poco tiempo puede provocar que la sangre hierva.
- Súbita descompresión. Puede causar problemas pulmonares y arteriales, así como obstrucciones auditivas, mareos y dolores gastrointestinales.
- Frías temperaturas. Pueden ser un problema tanto para Baumgartner como para su equipo. También el calor excesivo del sol puede ser un riesgo, ya que la radiación ultravioleta es 100.000 veces más fuerte de lo habitual para un ser humano a 36.000 metros.
- Viento. Una racha fuerte de viento puede generarle mareos y romper su globo.
- Problemas técnicos. La mayor preocupación para Baumgartner y su equipo es que el traje se raje o que el paracaídas se despliegue de forma accidental.

How the universe is organized.

The answer to this question is quite difficult, and astrophysicists are trying to figure it out as we write, but so far it seems to us that nothing in the universe remains static and we have yet to find the prime building block of matter.

However, humans categorize many things to try to keep track of, or make sense out of the natural world. The universe is no exception and there are thousands of names/titles to various entities.

A very basic list follows:
Asteroids
Comets
Moons
Planets
Stars
Solar systems
Galaxies.

PSEUDOSCIENCE.

Pseudoscience is like a FAKE science, we call it a 'fringe' because it's like a mask, it thinks it's like REAL SCIENCE but it's not.
Pseudoscience is a claim which is presented as scientific but does NOT adhere to valid scientific methods, there is no backing. Where as Science has an empirical evidence that controles experiments.

Pseudoscience:

• Lack of carefully controled experiments.
• Faulty observations and theories.
• Faulty reasoning.
• Open defiance of scientific concensus.

Science:

• Adheres to valid scientific methods.
• Supporting evidence.

What Pseudoscience is NOT:

1. Informed speculation.

- Attempting to estimate the no of habitable planets and possibilities of life in the universe. But there is real data.

- The absence of data makes it a pseudoscience.

   2.  Polywater involved the claim that some chemists in the 1960's had created a long chain of water molecules. Observation failed due to contamination and impurities (MISTAKE).

Why is science important?

• It's important because it lets us know the way science is.
• It lets us know how nature is.
• It's important to know how to survive.
• It's important because it warns us about natural disasters.
• It explains the life style.
• It's important to know about our ancient times.
• It's important to be ecologycal / to have an ecologycal life.
• Fighting against irrational thinking.

List of Nobel Prizes in economy.

• Ragnar Frisch (1895-1973): he was a norwaigean economist who studied economy and mathematics in the University os Oslo and won the Nobel Prize for economy in 1969.

• Robert Mundell (1915-2009): he was the first american economist to win the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. He studied in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (macroeconomics).

• John Nash (1985): he's an american mathematician who studied mathematics and economy and won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994. He studied in Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

• Leonid Kantorovich (1912-1986): he was a soviet mathematician and economist who studied in Leningrad State University and won the Nobel Prize of economics in 1975.

• Thomas Sargent (1943): he's an american economist specializing macroeconomics who studied in the New York University and won the Nobel Prize in economics in 2011.